Portfolio on Counselling Observation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4854 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? A. PORTFOLIO CONSTRUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION A portfolio has diverse meaning and purpose to different people and situations. For instance in the teaching field, a portfolio would be, according to Collins (1991), â€Å"they will document how education programmes have enhanced the learning and teaching of practicing and prospective teachers who have participated†¦. † Spandel and Gulham (2002) rightly defines a portfolio as, â€Å"a collection of one’s achievements or growth. † It sets out to find out what one claims to know, what skills have been acquired over a period of time. A portfolio is a more structured assessment instrument that is based on activities that represent actual progress and reflects real life situations. Paulson, Paulson Meyer (1991) reiterates by saying, â€Å"it is a purposeful collection of student’s work that exhibits the student’s efforts, progress and achievements in one or more areas of the curriculum. † In the writers situation the portfolio will provide evidence of learning outcomes, experiences and a cohesion of the counseling theories and practice principles learnt. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Portfolio on Counselling Observation" essay for you Create order The portfolio consists of 3 cases among 5 cases, which were observed at Musasa Project, which is an organization that takes the responsibility of eradicating domestic violence where the trainee counselor is employed as an administrator. Musasa project is a non-governmental organization established in 1988, this was in response to the high rate of domestic violence incidences in Zimbabwe. Their vision is to have a society where women live free from domestic violence and can fully participate in development. Among other activities carried out at Musasa Project, they provide counselling services to alleviate the suffering of women and children from domestic violence. Musasa gets referrals from the Police, Courts, other networking organisations and self-referrals who get to know about Musasa Project through the media, press, relatives, friends and neighbours. Also included in the portfolio are memos of attachment requests, meeting minutes on the attachment and any other relevant documents. Please note that pseudo names and addresses to protect clients’ privacy will be used and each client who would have agreed for the trainee counsellor to observe their session will be asked for permission to document for the purposes of the portfolio. 2. OBJECTIVES The portfolio as an agent of growth in counseling has objectives that need to be fulfilled, some of them are as follows: i. Portfolio a. To provide the opportunity for the trainee counselor to demonstrate what they know and are able to do in a manner that reflects different aspects of counseling. . To record particular learning experiences of the trainee counselor. With reflective reports that reflect the trainee’s approach to utilization of theory and practice. ii. Student trainee counselor a. To utilize the learning process so as to acquire knowledge and experience in the counseling field. b. To formulate and present a document that will facilitate assessment in confidence and growth in counseling. c. To le arn and identify counseling theories and practices in sessions through observations. PRIMARY EVIDENCE B. CLIENTS’ DOCUMENTATION 1. CASE 1 1. 1. Client’s Particulars Name:Nokuthula Ndlovu Date of Birth:14 February 1968 Sex:Female Marital Status:Married Occupational status:Vendor – selling vegetables Employment status:Not employed Standard of education:‘O’ Level Residential address:70369 Phelandaba, Bulawayo Referral agent:Media – radio 1. 2Referral Details Musasa Project has some radio programs where they inform the public on a variety of issues pertaining to Gender Based Violence with an emphasis on domestic violence. These programs are normally question and answer sessions and a lot of information is disseminated. Some of the issues discussed are the domestic violence act and how it is used as an instrument in dealing with domestic violence cases especially at the Police stations and at the courts. Accessing the protection orders is also run down for the public, and many more issues. At the end of the program a representative from Musasa gives the listeners the physical address, telephone numbers and hours of business and invites them to visit the offices for more information. This particular client said that she had listened to a program where Musasa was discussing on the right to claiming maintenance for the up keep of the children and the right to have part of the property owned by a couple shared in the event of a divorce. What caught her attention was the fact that Musasa works with other organizations in their endeavor to give the clients a full package of the service including legal assistance for free. The client had told herself that she was not going to fight her husband at all because she had no money to pay a lawyer so she was going to take whatever the husband gives her. . 3. Genogram for Nokuthula Ndlovu 1. 4. SESSION 1 The joining stage The trainee counselor observed the counselor preparing the room for the session. She opened the windows and the room was well ventilated and bright. The counseling chairs were set in such a way that the counselor and the client were facing each other. The counselor was called by reception to say there is a cl ient in the waiting room. The counselor fixed the room getting rid of scrap paper that was lying around and closed all files on the desk. The counselor went to the waiting room and greeted the client and showed her into the counseling room. After they had sat down she greeted the client again and welcomed her to Musasa, and then introduced herself to the client. The client quickly intercepted and introduced herself to the counselor and wanted to start on her problem. Politely the counselor asked the client for permission to first introduce the trainee counselor and request for permission for the trainee to attend the counseling session. The client had no problem with that. The counselor then informed the client that she is a counselor at Musasa and elaborated on a credentials that she holds a degree in counseling from ZOU and a certificate in Systemic counseling from Contact Family Counseling Centre. The counselor then requested some personal details from the client, full name, ID number and home address and explained that these are for recording of statistics for the donor and it does not mean that her problems will be made public or shared. While doing all this, the counselor was smiling and having light conversation with the client on the hot whether and keeping eye contact. The counselor proceeded to explain the issue of confidentiality and its limits, time to be spent in the session and the referral process. Permission to take down notes during the session was sought and the client wanted to know where those notes will be taken to and the counselor explained that the notes are for her to keep abreast with what the client is saying. Presenting of problems The client who is 42 years old woman and has been married to a 65 year old man for the past 18 years with 4 children presented her problem as follows: †¢Husband out of the country in Canada and has stopped supporting the children who are all of school going age. First daughter is in Form 5, second son is in Form 3, third daughter is in Form 1 and forth daughter is in grade 5. †¢Husband has sent divorce papers to the wife and reasons given for the divorce was that he wants to be free and have control of his life. †¢Clients seeks legal advice on the implications of a divorce. †¢Husband wanted children to live a high class life and now the wife has no means of maintaining that kind of life and this is frustrating the children. †¢Client is HIV positive and has not told the children because she is not sure how they would take it. She is not sure how to tell them and any other member of her family. Summary After the session the counselor and trainee counselor had a debriefing on the session. The trainee counselor was given the opportunity to analyze the session. The trainee counselor felt that the joining stage was handled very well and rapport was built with the client but felt that too much time was taken in general talk. The counselor explained that that was a good observation but with this particular client it was necessitated by the fact that the client was very tense and needed to be relaxed and the counselor was observing the shift, which took longer than normal. That also gave the counselor time to assess the clients way of thinking and come to her level so as to avoid judging and advising. Had that not been done the client might have failed to open up leading to failure to get through to her. The trainee counselor had observed that the counselor had introduced herself and disclosed her credentials, which was ethically sound. The counselor had requested details from the client and explained why she needed them this was all in a bid to win the client’s trust in the counselor. The client was highly respected and permission was sought from her for taking down notes, the time to be spent in the session and for personal details for statistics. The trainee counselor had observed that the client started to relax when she felt respected. The trainee counselor felt that the counselor had not widened the view of the problem further because there was a lot of clarification that was to be sought from the client. The counselor said that this had been a crisis counseling session where the immediate needs of the client had to be addressed first. Had she probed further on other issues the client could have become impatient because she had told the counselor what assistance she required and bearing in mind that the counseling session is based on the clients agenda. Talking about other issues that were not priority to the client at that point in time would have been pursuing the counselor’s agenda. An appointment was set for the next day at 1400 hours. Homework The counselor went on to give information on Zimbabwe Women Lawyers Association (ZWLA) and The Bulawayo Legal Projects Centre (BLPC). The client then chose to be referred to ZWLA, a referral letter was written. 1. 5. Reflective report Personal Weaknesses †¢Stating the obvious – the trainee counselor observed that the counselor seemed to ignore some of the non-verbal communication of the client, which could have helped to widen the view of the problem. †¢The counselor forgot to display the â€Å"Session in progress† sign on the door hence there was a knock on the door from a colleague during counseling. Personal Strengths †¢The crisis need of the client was immediately addressed without delay. Various counseling techniques were displayed and they were: Active listening – nodding of the head and the ‘hmm –hmm’ were expressed as encouragers for the client to continue talking. †¢Commenting on the process – when the client cried and the counselor did not ignore that but commented on her observation. †¢Aligning – the counselor aligned with th e client in a way that showed the client that she has the counselor’s full attention. †¢Asking questions – open ended questions were asked and they helped the client to elaborate on issues and closed question were also used when necessary. †¢Summarizing – the counselor summarized what the client had been aying and this helped the client to get thing into perspective. Interview Plan for next session The counselor and trainee counselor worked on a plan that could be considered for the next session with the client, and these were brought out: †¢What kind of stories was the husband told about the wife for him to take children for a DNA test? †¢What were the results of the DNA and what did they change in their relationship? †¢Has the client spoken to the children about the divorce? †¢Who knows about the problems for the husband’s family? †¢Who is giving support to get through this? What does she view as the advantages and dis advantages of divorcing? †¢What reason did the husband cite for the divorce? 2. CASE 2 2. 1. Client’s Particulars Name:Cornelius Moyo Date of Birth:20 October 1968 Sex:Male Marital Status:Married Occupational status:Bank Manager Employment status:Employed Standard of education:University graduate Residential address:No. 4 Colney, Tylone Close, Matshemhlophe Bulawayo Referral agent:Flyer from Trade Fair Exhibition 2. 2. Referral Details Musasa Project has disseminated information using all channels possible including the Zimbabwe International Trade Fair (ZITF). Musasa Project had a stand at the last trade fair and the end of April 2010. This is used as an avenue to disseminate information on gender based violence and the services that Musasa offers. Pamphlets, flyers, posters and brochures are distributed. Musasa takes advantage of the business days of the trade fair to disseminate information to the business sector and professionals. Pamphlets are distributed to other stands for stand minders and staff to read. All enquiries and questions are entertained at the Musasa stand. Counselors’ business cards are distributed to interested parties. At the exhibition success stories of people that have sought help and had realized success in their problems are invited by the organization to be at the stand so that they share their stories with others and encourage them to seek help Musasa when ever necessary. Some of Musasa clients value the services so much that they are now part of the Musasa family and are always willing to share their stories. The client got one of the pamphlets that had been left at their stand by one of the Musasa Project staff and had an interest to talk to someone about his problem. . 3. Genogram for Cornelius Moyo 2. 4. SESSION 2 The joining stage The counselor, after greetings introduced the trainee counselor and why she was there. The client agreed and the issue of documenting for the purposes of learning for the trainee counselor. The counselor thanked him and proceeded to mention the issue of confidentiality and its limitations as a reminder. The counselor informed client that the session will take about 45 minutes. Permission to take down notes was sought. Presenting of problems †¢The client wanted assistance to save his marriage. To learn skills of opening doors of communication with his wife. †¢To improve his relationship his children. Feedback from the last counseling session: The client had opted to break the ice by sending his wife flowers and deliver them to the office himself and invite her for dinner so that they could talk and invite her to Musasa for a couple counseling session, he also wanted to practice non violent communication. The client reported that he had taken the flowers to his wife and she seemed to be very happy to receive the flowers from him. She even accepted his invitation to take her out for dinner though he failed to convince the wife to come for a couple counseling session yet. Interview Plan †¢Find out how client’s childhood was could be contributing to the situation now. †¢To explore how their support systems contribute to the problem †¢How is communication style at the moment what does improving it or changing it mean to him. †¢To explore how they have been solving their problems. Theoretical Approaches †¢The counselor utilized the psychodynamics approach – she asked the client if he would like to talk about how he grew up and his experiences as a child. The systems theory was utilized – the counselor and client explored the support systems and their effect. The counselor utilized Systemic counseling that involves the whole family system in the counseling process. These systems may affect the client’s problem in a negative of positive way. The systems that were involved in this particular session were: †¢Mother subsystem – the client and his mother seem to be too close and a comparison between her and the client’s wife have been a source of some of the client’s problems. †¢In-law subsystem – the client felt that the in-laws had a negative effect on his marriage. Friends subsystems – some of the friends are being too involved in the client’s affairs. Techniques †¢Aligning – the counselor was facing the client and thus giving the client full attention. †¢Taking a one-down-position – the client was asked to enlighten the counselor how they have handled their problems in the past. †¢Active listening – encouraging the client to go no giving him the impression that he had 100% attention of the counselor. †¢Asking questions – leading question and open ended questions were asked to assist the client to reflect. Clarifying – issues were clarif ied to ensure that the counselor had understood well. †¢Reflecting feelings – the counselor made the client aware that when he speaks about his mother he has a glow on him. †¢Paraphrasing the counselor restated in her words what she heard to let the client know that she wanted to understand. †¢Commenting on the process – the counselor was able to see the non-verbal communication. †¢Summarizing she summarized to clarify right understanding of what had been said . †¢Silence – the client was given time to process questions and thoughts before he put them into words. Summary After the session the counselor and trainee counselor had a debriefing on the session. The trainee counselor noted that the ground rules were set again despite the fact that the client was a revisit. The counselor emphasized that it was important to do so on every visit that a client comes so that there are no surprises within the session. The trainee counselor had observed that the counselor had given a brief background of the previous session. The counselor explained that it is very important for the client to feel that the counselor had not forgotten what they spoken about. The trainee counselor noted also that the client’s agenda was being pursued because the client spoke about what he had opted to do from the last session there by having total ownership of the outcome of the sessions. Homework The client opted to be given another invitation letter for his wife to come for a counseling session and possible non-violent ways of doing so were explored. Adjournment It was agreed that the client was going to call the office whenever they were ready to come. Interview plan for next session The counselor and trainee counselor worked on a plan that could be considered for the next session with the client, these were the points: If he is able to bring his wife for a couple counseling – †¢How did the problems start? †¢When did they start? †¢Who knows about the problem? †¢Who/what worsens the problem? †¢Who/what eases the problem? †¢What has been done about it? 2. 5. Reflective report Personal Weaknesses †¢The counselor did not adhere to the agreed time for the duration of the session. Personal Strengths †¢The client was assisted to identify his problems. The client was able to bring the unconscious into conscious. †¢Tasks and solutions were from the client not the counselor. †¢Ability to avoid advising the client. †¢The counselor had the ability to control the session even though the client seemed to want to take charge. †¢The counselor has a good way of asking questions that are not confrontational but lea d the client to think. †¢The counselor was self aware. 3. CASE 3 3. 1. Client’s Particulars Name:Suzan Ncube Date of Birth:6 April 1971- Sex:Female Marital Status:Living together Employment status:Not Employed Standard of education:Grade Seven Residential address:A67 Njube Bulawayo Referral agent:ZRP Station 3. 2. Referral Details: Musasa Project trains the police on domestic violence and the functions of the domestic violence act. The networking relationship between the organization and the police is strengthened by timeous visits to the police and refresher courses that are held. The police refer clients to Musasa for further counseling and assistance. And in turn Musasa refers clients to them whenever necessary. 3. 3. Genogram for Suzan Ncube 3. 4. SESSION 5 The joining stage The counselor welcomed the client and commented on how well the client looked. The client smiled and took a seat. The counselor asked for permission for the trainee counselor to be present. Presented problems When the client had come to Musasa Project she had presented the following: †¢Physical abuse from live in boyfriend †¢Psychological and economic abuse †¢To find a place of safety to stay †¢To find help for her child who needed schooling and a place to stay. †¢HIV positive Interview Plan †¢To empower the client to go out in the world without the boyfriend and be able to make it. To assist client to maintain confidence. †¢To have a reflective exercise with the client. Objectives †¢To terminate the counseling relationship †¢To invite the client to joining a survivors group of women who have survived domestic violence †¢To inform client about support groups for people living with HIV and AIDS. †¢Gaining stress relaxation exercis e. Self assessment †¢The client had developed self enhancing skills because when the counselor was enquiring what her fears were, she had mentioned that she felt she could handle whatever came her way in a positive way. Personality assessment The client was assessed as being able to maintain good and consistent mood for the past two sessions. This was a good coping skill for her to pick herself up and carry on with life. †¢She had found a job and had managed to be registered at an OI clinic for access to ARVs. She had also gone to the home where her child is and spoke to them that she cant take her son yet because where she had found a job she could not stay with him yet. They had told her that it is only fair to the child to leave him for a while and let him finish a year in school before he is transferred again. That would give the client time to settle down. The client had taken initiative to sort out her life and her child’s, which proved that the client was now more assertive. Termination The counselor enquired if the client wanted them to talk about anything else and the client went on to thank the counselor about the assistance she got and she went over her plans with the counselor for the future. They went over a step by step change in life style that the client needs not forget. Recommendations The client was asked what she would be doing to manage her stress as she was saying that her stress will be lessened. Some stress management tips were shared. The client smiled and said that she will be signing, knitting jerseys for her son identifying a church and having enough rest. The counselor then informed the client that there was survivors of domestic violence group that is to commence and found out if the client would like to be part of that group. After the counselor had run through some of the benefits of being in a survivors group the client was very happy to be part of that group. The client could not contain her gratitude and she got up and just gave the counselor a hug. The client promised that she would keep in touch through the telephone if she had any issues. 3. 5. Reflective report The counselor has managed to boost the confidence of the client by commenting on the changes she has made and empowering her to know that she can make it out there without the man. By giving the client an opportunity to reflect on how things were the first time she had come for counseling and the stages she had to take to be where she is now. Personal weaknesses The counselor painted a picture that the client was definitely going to be alright, which was not really obvious. Personal strengths †¢The counselor had all the respect and empathy that the client required. †¢Needs of the client were considered †¢The client was given the opportunity to express herself. †¢The objectives of the session were achieved. C. PORTFOLIIO REFLECTIVE REPORT According to the Ox ford Learners dictionary, reflective means, ‘tending to think deeply about things,’ which the writer’s intention to reflect on the experiences of the portfolio construction. . Personal Weaknesses A lot more of the counseling techniques were not utilized that could have come in handy to the counsellor eg: -reframing -enactment -empty chair 2. Personal Strengths †¢The counselor was able to create a hospitable environment through establishing rapport with the clients. The counseling room was always prepared according to desired effects of counseling. †¢Empathy was a powerful tool which was used to facilitated clients’ opening up. †¢The counselor was non judgmental in her work and treated all the clients as special. Client’s language preferences and preferred names or addresses were sought before counseling session began. †¢The clients were empowered to own their problems and to find solutions for them. This proved what the humanist claim in their approach. That a human being is able to find a solution to their problems if there are given a conducive environment to do so. †¢The rapport building that the counselor used helped in gaining the confidence of the clients and thus making the interaction much much easier. D. LEARNING CLAIMS The counsellig programme offered at ZOU has given the student a foundation on which to operate and skill to research on several counseling theories, which allow the student to broaden their practice. The course has enable student to realize the importance of ethical principles when dealing with clients such as respect for the client the clients rights, issues of confidentiality informed consent and being aware of one’s limits as a professional with regard to provision of counseling services. The cultural background of a client, their way of life and beliefs needs to be taken into consideration as the cultural content will assist in the choice and application of theory and practice principles/techniques. As the student goes into the field to practice as a trainee counsellor my confidence and productivity in the application of the various learning experiences will increase. Bearing in mind that to benefit to the fullest the student has to be able to: be receptive to learning when new information is offered. have the ability to learn and understand new information from practicing counselors. -Actively seek and apply new information for more growth. CONCLUSION Counselors encounter a variety of clients in the counseling relationship. The characteristics of these clients somehow effects the counseling process, whether the problems brought to the counselor are similar or different. As such counseling becomes a continuous learning process for both the trainee counselor and the well experienced counselor. Always bearing in mind that every client is unique and should be treated as such. The process of learning to be a professional counselor is also a process of unlearning, for instance the student’s role as a mother had programmed one to offer opinion on a subject and to make suggestions about what might be done about a particular situation and to spot illogicalities and to point them out. However this counseling practice has brought to my aware a need for the suspension of some of these normal responses in favour of a much more accepting and giving role. During my observation sessions I observed that whilst theoretical approaches are different and the specific circumstances and concerns of every client varied the creation of a therapeutic climate was the core ingredient otherwise there would be less or no positive progress in the counseling process. The practice also exposed me to the challenges of asking myself, â€Å"what do I personally have to offer others who are struggling to find their ways? Am I doing in my own life what I urge others to do? Therefore, if I am to promote growth and changes in clients, I must be willing to promote growth in my own life by exploring my choices and decisions, strive to become aware of the ways in which I have ignored my own potential for growth. E. REFERENCES Bayne R, Horton I, Merry T, Noyes E McMahon G. (2003), The Counselor’s Handbook-2nd ED. Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd, UK Hallahan T. (1997) Education Research, Wadsworth Publish Company, Inc. USA Paulson F. L, Paulson P. R and Me yer C. A. (1991), What Makes a Portfolio a Portfolio Educational Leadership, America Sax A and Newton I. 1997) Principles of Educational Psychology Measurement And Evaluation, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. USA Spandell and Gulham C. (2002) Making a Portfolio, Megraw Hill, New York Stewart W. (2005), An A-Z of Counseling Theory Practice –4th ED. Nelson Thornes Ltd, UK www. [emailprotected] org Internet F. APPENDICES 1. SECONDARY EVIDENCE 2. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE Other activities attended at Musasa While on attachment the Counseling Department held an activity entitled ‘Male Motivation’. Musasa holds activities to sensitize men on domestic violence and gender based violence. The activity was a soccer match for men in Plumtree and the Police team played against the community team. A presentation on what domestic violence and gender based violence are was presented by a staff member from Musasa Project. The trainee counselor had the privilege of attending the occasion. During the soccer match the counselors mingle with the supporters and talk about the domestic violence issues. At times counseling sessions are held on sight for those that request for the service. Musasa members of staff arriving for the soccer match at Plumtree The match began with a sensitization march in the town of Plumtree.

Essay on Short Stories and Poetry - 2319 Words

Short Stories and Poetry There are many different forms of writing that all fall under the name literature. These different ways to create literature are often categorized into specific genres. Some of the genres have more in common with each other than others. Two genres, the short story and the poem, share many similar aspects. Both the short story and the poem can successfully send powerful messages or tell complex stories in a very short amount of words. Both genres contain carefully manipulated language that quickly yet effectively establishes the meaning of the short story or poem. Point of view is a prominent aspect in controlling short stories and poetry. The works are thus often told in the first†¦show more content†¦Short literary works are confined to the boundaries on length according to their specific genre; they don’t have time for lengthy or slow introductions. 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How Digital Technology Reduce Cost in Movie Industrial Free Essays

For many years, in the movie industry, it has used film as the medium on which to allocate and play back tapes. Film which is easy to use, and movie theaters have knowledge in owning and operating that projection Systems. But it is also posh. We will write a custom essay sample on How Digital Technology Reduce Cost in Movie Industrial or any similar topic only for you Order Now A one line or a single film print, for example, can cost as much as US$2,000 to form and weigh over 50 pounds approx. A movie in broad release is usually shown on more than 4,000 screens approx, which can mean a charge approx US$8 million in prints plus the cost of shipping heavy film canisters to movie theaters about the globe. Further, a film print lasts only for roughly about 30–40 showings, as a result printing and shipping costs for flourishing movies can easily be twice or thrice as a film prints carry out and it is need to be replaced. Now, the high cost of movie circulation is regarding to change as well as the movie industry transitions in to the digital distribution and playback of show. With digital cinema, movies are disseminated via hard drive or satellite, avoiding the need to generate and ship costly, heavy film prints. Once at the show business, movies are stored as digitally and played back using digital projectors. Movies stored on digital media but do not wear out as film prints do, as a result, they do not need to be replaced for the duration of long runs. Overall, the movie industry anticipates such incredible capital savings from the switch to digital media sharing that it is expected to convert entirely from of film in to digital media in the next few years or coming time. Digital cinema offers major benefits in to theater owners as well. Distinct film prints, in digital cinema it does not limit the number of screens showing a given or running movie, as a result each theater compound or complex desires only single copy of a particular movie. In addition, theater owners can use digital projection equipment to show non-movie entertainment such as sports, live music and etc. However, picture theaters must experience a technology renovation for digital cinema to work changing from tried and true film based projection systems to projection and digital luggage compartment. Many theater owners are unenthusiastic to switch to a digital infrastructure because they are anxiously concerned about the cost and manageability of such an environment. To help those movie theaters formulate the transition in to digital technology, the Dell OEM Industry Solutions Group is working with digital cinema salespersons to develop a full-bodied, highly performance solution that is also expenditure effective and straightforward or easy to support . Worldwide movie theaters are rapidly switching since film-based movie projection in to digital playback technology enormously. To help theaters commencing manage this changeover, the Dell OEM Industry Solutions Group has developed a money-spinning, highly performance digital cinema solution that is designed to be dependable and simply easy to support this (Flint, 2007). As video on demand (VOD) services are deployed, cable operators will experience a fundamental reallocate in their industry, moving from broadcast to uncast content delivery. There is another momentous change is the introduction of Gigabit Ethernet into their network, which is hugely providing an unprecedented opportunity it to turn the cable operator’s infrastructure into a sustainable ready for action advantage. However, Gigabit Ethernet is much more than just transport; it is the establishment of the Next-Generation Digital Video Network. This is very huge part in our life (Taub, 2009). Digital technology helps us to consume time timely in our work and that will be very countable work in our in our industrial environment, due to this the work will be also automatic because of machinery based work. And further there is a total investment in first time when u plant your machine there is no basic salaries, allowances and etc . due to digital effect the competition increasing will be also eligible in an industry ,digital technology has the potential to reduce distribution cost a physical movie print price $1000 approx each. Though, we have seen that the digital technology is more than important technology in our future world. How to cite How Digital Technology Reduce Cost in Movie Industrial, Essays

Jane Austen and influences in her books Essay Example For Students

Jane Austen and influences in her books Essay Jane Austen had many influences in her life that led to the material written in her books. All of Austens books focus on young women in their path to marriage. (Southam, pg. 2) Jane Austen wrote on life as she knew and events that could have or did influence her. Jane Austen was born on December 16, 1775 in Sevington, Hampshire, located in England. Her father was a Reverend for the church, while her mother was born in to an aristocratic family. (Tucker, pg. 6) Jane was the seventh of eight children. Her five older brothers, James (1765), George (1766), Edward (1768), Henry (1771), and Francis (1774) all became well known men of their time, with good connections, which was very important in that time. Austen also had one younger brother, Charles, who was born in 1779. (Howard, pg. 11) However, the most important sibling of Jane Austen was her older sister, Cassandra. As well as being born in the same year (Howard, pg. 11), they shared the same interests, enthusiasm and sense of humor. (Wright, pg. 7) The Austens were a happy, lively, reputedly good-natured and sweet tempered family. Family squabbles were almost unknown. Wright, pg. 6) The Austens spent their nights together. They played charades around a candle-lit table. After the game, the girls sewed or embroidered while the boys read aloud. (Wright, pg. 7) Jane and Cassandra spent their whole life together, from birth till Austens death, where Jane died with her head pillowed on Cassandras shoulder. (Wright, pg. 11) At age 7 , Cassandra and Jane sent to a small school run by a relative. (Wright, pg. 7) They didnt stay there long because Mrs. Cawley, the teacher and relative, moved away to Southampton. (Wright, pg. 11) Soon after Jane left Mrs. Cawleys school, she caught a horrible fever. It was called putrid throat, a septic throat characteristic of typhus fever. (Howard, pg. 14) This fever almost killed Jane and Cassandra both. (Wright, pg. 7) This happened in 1792. (Wright, pg. 7) In 1797, Jane and Cassandra were sent to Mrs. Latournelles Abbey School of Reading. They spent two years at this school to learn how to be a lady. (Wright, pg. 7) After that, Jane went home and was home taught from there on out. (Howard, pg. 14) It was here that Jane was schooled in household management and taught the feminine arts of singing, dancing, drawing and playing the piano. Wright, pg. 7) Just like the women characters of her books. Janes whole family was well educated, so she was no different. (Howard, pg. 10) Austen later said about herself I think I may boast myself to be, with all possible vanity, the most unlearned and uninformed female who ever dared to be an authoress. (Tucker, pg. 3) Although Jane said this she was very educated. She knew how to speak french, some Italian and Latin. She read Shakespeare, Milton, Johnson and Cowper (big poets of her time). (Tucker, pg. 7) Jane lived in Steventon for 25 years. She moved in 1801 with her parents and sister to Bath. They stayed there until after her fathers death in 1804. Jane had a lot of depressing moments in 1804. A month after Janes fathers death, her closest friend, Anne Lefroy died. (Southam, pg. 13)After that Jane moved to Southampton in 1806 with her mother, Cassandra and Martha Lloyd, Janes lifelong friend. From there the women moved to Chawton in Hampshire in July of 1809. Jane stayed in Chawton until 1817. (Tucker, pg. 6) All this moving was because they had really no means of support since Janes father died. As we can see in the Jane Austen books, women didnt really work. .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 , .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 .postImageUrl , .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 , .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40:hover , .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40:visited , .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40:active { border:0!important; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40:active , .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40 .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u812a0b9996014707f860a654e77b2d40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analyse The Streingths and Weaknesses Of The Bosto EssayThe men were the full means of support in the family. Thats why it was so important for the parents to marry off their daughters. In 1817, Jane moved one final time to Winchester because of her ill health. (Tucker, pg. 6) It was here that Jane died from Addisons disease on July 18, 1817 at 4:30 am. ( Southam, pg. 13) Janes last wishes were I want nothing but death, because she was in so much pain. (Southam, pg. 13) Jane spent her whole life concentrating on her friends and family, just like the women in her books. She never married and never traveled, except when she was moving. Southam, pg. 12) She led a happy and comfortable home life. (Magill, pg. 25) Most of her books were written for the members of her family. ( Magill, pg. 25) This shows the importance of her family, just like the importance of families in her books. She played a dutiful daughter and loving sister and a favorite aunt to tons of nieces and nephews. (Southam, pg. 12) Austen lived her life quietly. It was quiet and uneventful, by modern standards (her life) was narrow and unrestrictive. (Southam, pg. 12) Jane had an obsessive need for privacy. (Southam, pg. ) She published her books anonymously. Her name was only revealed with her books after her death. (Southam, pg. 12) She was not a famous writer of her time and didnt want to be. (Magill, pg. 25) Jane mainly associated with her friends and family. She avoided literary circles like the plague. (Southam, pg. 12) There was little known about Austens emotional life, thoughts, opinions, tastes, prejudices and personality. (Wright, pg. 6) Since Cassandra destroyed the intimate letters Jane had written, the only assumptions historians can make are from Janes writings. It is obvious that Jane Austen had fallen in love sometime in her life with the way she depicts love in her novels. There are only records of mild flirtations. There are a number of stories which involve Jane and a man. She agreed to marry a Hampshire man, but changed her mind the very next morning. The Hampshire man wasnt the only man who had asked Jane to marry him, she turned down the others. It is possible that Jane fell in love with a clergy man, but he had died before their friendship could develop. (Southam, pg. ) As George Tucker wrote, it can be assumed by reading the surviving letters, Jane was a flirtatious girl. An occasionally sharp-tounged girl who matured into a compassionate, but critically objective woman of genius. (Pg. 3) Sir Walter Scott said (Jane had) a talent for describing the involvements, feelings and characters of ordinary life (Magill, pg. 25) People have different opinions of Jane Austens work. Some people were upset because she never wrote about events surrounding her life, like the French Revolution and the Nepoleonic Wars. (Tucker, pg 69) Thomas Hardy said about Austen, a rather heartless little cynic nning satirettes about her neighbors whilst the Dynasts were tearing the world to pieces and consigning millions to their pieces. (Tucker, pg. 69) Others loved Janes novels. Jane wrote many novels in her life. She started writing early. The first novel written, Love and Friendship, was written in 1789 when Jane was only fourteen. Next Jane wrote A History of England, when she was fifteen. A Collection of Letters and Lesley Castle were written when Jane was sixteen. Elinor and Marianne was written in 1795 and First Impressions was written in 1797. Jane began writing The Watsons in 1804 but stopped writing it after her fathers death. Drabble, pg. 52) The Watsons social picture is one of the unrelieved bleakness, its heroine distressed, and its satire sharp to the point of cruelty. It signals a failing of generosity, loss of creative power, which may stem from the sadness of these years. (Southam, pg. 13) There was a long silence between books. This is probably due to the depressing in which her father died and good friend. Jane wrote most of her widely known books after she moved to Chawton. She wrote Sense and Sensibility in 1811, which was a rewrite of an earlier piece, Love and Friendship. .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c , .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c .postImageUrl , .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c , .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c:hover , .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c:visited , .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c:active { border:0!important; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c:active , .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u46f433c6fa39dbf9dd9df3648345c17c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Peer Pressure EssayTwo years later Jane wrote Pride and Prejudice, which was also a rewrite of an earlier piece, First Impressions. In 1814, Jane wrote Mansfield Park and Emma. (Drabble, pg. 52) In December, 1817, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion were published. (Tucker, pg. 7) All of Jane Austens books depicts society at leisure rather than on the march. (Magill, pg. 26) This was how Jane led her life. She wasnt pushed by any outside forces, except the death of her father. Her novels focus on the manners and morals of rural middle-class English life. (Magill, pg. 26) She wrote on the subjects she knew best, and didnt stray outside her knowledge.

45 Topics for Term Paper Writing

45 Topics for Term Paper Writing The list of the most trending term paper topics of 2017 covers three difficulty levels: hard, medium easy on the following subjects: Politics, Health, Medicine, Science, and General topics. In case you are working on a term paper or are simply looking for a topic to start your research, we have written down a short list of sample topics for you. The list includes such topics as Politics,  Health, Medicine, Science, and General. All topics are grouped by levels of difficulty, so you will be able to pick the topic that is the exact match to your requirements. Please note that this list is just sample topics. TERM PAPER FORMAT While choosing a topic its important that you select a topic that is neither too narrow nor too broad. Here is a list of the most trending term paper topics of 2017. Feel free to use any of them for your term paper. Politics Hard: US Troops Aiding Syria: Is this the right move? Obamacare: Constitutionally unjust or a way to force regulation on citizens? What happens behind the scenes that the Government keeps from the citizens of the US? Why the US feels the need to get involved in other countries affairs Medium: Electing Obama to a second term: Was it really the right choice for this country? Turmoil in the US Government: Why republicans and democrats disagree Is there controversy between the US and China or is it all made up for media purposes? Easy: The reason for multiple political parties and what each really represents Are electoral votes the right way to call an election? The people speak but the states ultimately decide The right way to approach local and state government entities with your political concerns to ensure they are handled Health Hard: The controversy surrounding aspartame Why whole grains help digestion and the reason to back away from starches not made from whole grains Is a liver cleanse really beneficial for those suffering from chronic illnesses Reducing processed food intake and why it is beneficial to your health Medium: How to make dietary changes to improve your health without shocking your body Foods that Diabetics should avoid maintaining body systems and eyesight The latest diet crazes and how they are potentially dangerous Easy: When too much exercise leads to obsession: Knowing when enough is enough How exactly does stress play a role in your total bodys   health? Stress reduction techniques to improve your mental stability and overall mental health Medical Hard: Scares from vaginal mesh surgeries and how to get help for your complications Understanding drug interactions and what side effects are more prominent dependent upon your ailment Spinal surgeries: Is the risk really worth it and why you should consider alternative treatment options Medium: How to know when it’s time to turn off the life support and let go of a family member When do you believe what you read about supplements and what doctors really know about them Is your doctor pushing specific medications to his/her patients to help pharmaceutical companies or is it really going to help you? Easy: Filing malpractice charges against your doctor: Understanding what malpractice really is Is your doctor telling you the truth? Understanding why second opinions are valuable for your treatment plan Recognizing mental illness in a loved one: The right steps to take so that they get the help they need Science Hard: Should NASA gain new funding for continued space travel explorations or do we know all we need to know? Cancer Research: What is really being done scientifically to find a cure for each specific type? Is there a scientific method to prevent chronic diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, renal failure and joint deterioration? Mixing technology with scientific method to create convenience items for the disabled Medium: Studying the scientific formulations of water, ice and snow to compile meteorological differences What exactly about science is taught in the classroom? Is it really relevant? Is there true scientific validity to Women being from Venus and Men being from Mars? Easy: Getting your kids more involved with science and experiments are safe to complete at home What is the scientific explanation for how the Chinese zodiac and astrological signs are assigned? What is the scientific method of curing meats for preservation? General How much damage does stereotyping really do to a persons mental health? Why grief plagues some more than others Does getting a degree really make you more money and give you a more stable career? What is the real reason that higher Education costs keep rising? Why are fast food hamburgers so much higher in calories than homemade options? Auto branding: What is the reasoning behind the loyalty and which manufacturers are really better than others? APA TERM PAPER Email us your requirements and our writers will start coming up with all kinds of term paper topics. Once you have selected the topic you like, the writer who came up with that topic of your choice will be assigned to work on your paper. Together with you, the writer will draft the paper and then work on its text. We will only assign those writers who are professionals at what they do and have experience in the subject. This will ensure that your paper is well-written and properly formatted, contains no plagiarism and is a full match to your original requirements. Ultimately, this will result in your customer satisfaction, which is our utmost goal. Just place an order and get your professionally written term paper on time.

Funny St. Patricks Day Sayings and Quotes

Funny St. Patricks Day Sayings and Quotes The Irish are famous for two things. One, they can drink like a fish and keep the spirit flowing. Two, they know how to take a joke. The Irish also love to joke, especially about themselves. They dont care about political correctness and other such mumbo-jumbo. For them, a below-the-belt barb is an expression of endearment. The Irish are also noted for their tremendous sense of humor. Their quick-wittedness is evident in these Irish sayings and quotes. Some famous witty Irishmen like Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Conan OBrien and F. Scott Fitzgerald have achieved global fame for their extraordinary wit and wisdom. Their words reveal their brilliant imagination. Embrace Irish humor on St. Patricks Day. The Irish love their culture, history, and traditions. They love cracking jokes and drinking beer (like Guinness) and Irish whiskey (like Jamesons or Bushmills).  However, if you dont have an appetite for insults, watch out for their sharp tongue the Irish spare no one in their quick comebacks. If you are celebrating St. Patricks Day, arm yourself with witticisms to level the playing field. Quotes About The Irish Sidney LittlewoodThe Irish dont know what they want and are prepared to fight to the death to get it. Oliver HerfordThe Irish gave the bagpipes to the Scots as a joke, but the Scots havent seen the joke yet. Winston ChurchillWe have always found the Irish a bit odd. They refuse to be English. John Pentland MahaffyIn Ireland, the inevitable never happens and the unexpected constantly occurs. Irish BlessingMay God bless and keep in good health your enemies enemies. Brendan BehanIf it was raining soup, the Irish would go out with forks. Ann KennedyThe one thing us Irish have is the ability to laugh at ourselves. God bless us all. Stephen ColbertThe shamrock is a religious symbol. St. Patrick said the leaves represented the trinity: the Father, the son and the holy spirit. Thats why four-leaf clovers are so lucky; you get a bonus Jesus. Ralph Wiggum, The SimpsonsAnd thats where I saw the leprechaun. He told me to burn things! Margot Leitman, Lewis Blacks Root of All EvilSt. Patricks Day is a holy day for Roman Catholics in Ireland to pray and a day for drunk people to vomit with their pants down in New Jersey. Jon StewartMaking it [St. Patricks Day] a great day for the Irish, but just an OK day if youre looking for a quiet tavern to talk, read or have a white wine spritzer. Jimmy FallonAnd on me final night, I got as lucky as a clover, I met a purdy lassie, drunk enough to come on over. Steven, BraveheartIn order to find his equal, an Irishman is forced to converse with the Almighty. Laura KightlingerIts a big deal about whether or not gays can march in the St. Patricks Day parade, and I have to say that on some level I kind of see their point. Because when you think about it, it is a real macho heterosexual event. Bunch of guys in short skirts on a cart made of rose pedals sharing a bagpipe. Thats not for sissies. Jay LenoThis is St. Patricks Day in Los Angeles, Luck O The Irish Recipes. Delicious Irish guacamole. Corned beef and guacamole. Irish SayingIf youre enough lucky to be Irish, youre lucky enough! Ellen DeGeneresThe legend goes that St. Patrick drove the snakes out of Ireland. I was thinking ... that must be hard to put all the tiny seatbelts on all the snakes. Conan OBrienSt.Patricks Day is named for St. Patrick, the first guy to feed Guinness to a snake. Lewis BlackWhos this Patrick anyway? The patron saint of liquor distributors? Heres the real truth, he didnt get rid of snakes in Ireland. He just got rid of the ones he was seeing. Sean MoreyI come from an Irish family. St. Patricks Day was our big holiday. The night before wed hang up our stockings and in the morning theyd be full of beer.

Toy store field trip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Toy store field trip - Essay Example established that ethnic and racial status has a deep impact on the future lives of children and it influences their thoughts, actions, beliefs and perceptions (Quintana 27; Harro 15). Toys play a significant role in shaping the child’s beliefs and attitudes related to their ethnicity and race. A visit to the local retail store that houses a large toy department was an eye opener in many ways. At first glance the toy store looked bright and colourful with various eye-catching gadgets, devices and playthings that trigger the desire to purchase. The toy store had toys for all age groups. However, a closer and more professional evaluation of the toy department at the local retail store revealed some disturbing aspects. The first and most distinguishable was the segregation of toys for boys and girls. Gender discrimination was most apparent with toys meant for boys in blue displaying action games, cars, building blocks, and aggressive games. The toys in the girls section coloured pink stocked dolls, soft toys, games and activities related to beauty (beads, fashion accessories for dolls) and domesticity. Some games are unisex and hence segregated according to age-groups. These included board games, puzzles, learning toys etc. Another distinctive aspect seen in the toy department was the ethnicity of dolls displayed on the shelves. Chinese Barbie dolls could be seen everywhere reflecting the local cultural influence on Barbie dolls. The dolls represented Chinese culture and their fashion accessories reflected the local lifestyles. The other segment of Barbie dolls had white complexion and were displayed attractively with their counterparts. The toys in the store were organized in two distinct segments – blue and pink. The blue segment represented the boys and the pink for the girls. In the boys segment, action games and heroic figures were highly visible while in the girls segment, dolls and fashion accessories were more prominent. Toy guns, video gaming sets,

Case study on neisseria meningitidis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On neisseria meningitidis - Case Study Example It is a human specific pathogen and is gram negative and aerobic in nature. The bacterium is enveloped with a carbohydrate capsule that is covered with polysaccharides attached to its surface. The chromosome of neisseria meningitides has a chromosome 2.0 and 2.2 mega base and contains about 2000 genes. According to CDC (2012)â€Å"Neisseria species, such as N. lactamica. The organism has both an inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane, separated by a cell wall’ the outer membrane contains several protein structures that enable the bacteria to interact with the host cells as well as perform other functions. When the meningitis progresses it invades the subarachnoid space of the brain and thus cause inflammation of the meninges. But before this enters this space, they multiply significantly within the blood stream. According Klee (2000,pg .2083-95)â€Å"Neisseria meningitidis colonizes the nasopharynx, from which it can seed the bloodstream before crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to cause meningitis†. The meningitis is diagnosed with the help of conventional and real time PCR assay which can detect bacterial meningitis pathogens. The PCR technology is used typically to detect the causative agent in a suspected case of bacterial meningitis. The assays concurrently works on the DNA extracted from the clinical specimen or isolate. As per Bennett (2008,pg.1764-65) â€Å"PCR-based assays for the rapid individual detection and identification of meningococcal serogroups 29E, X, and Z. The ctrA gene, exclusive to meningococci and forming part of the capsule biosynthesis locus, was chosen as the PCR target†. According to NHS(2013) â€Å"The Hibergene Meningococcal LAMP assay by HiberGene Diagnostics Ltd. is a molecular test for rapid diagnosis of meningitis or septicaemia caused by Neisseria meningitides (meningococcal). It can be used on samples of blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid†. The HiberGene Meningococcal LAMP assay uses loop-mediated

Where do the mexican drug cartels obtain their weapons from Assignment

Where do the mexican drug cartels obtain their weapons from - Assignment Example However, the increasing use of various ammunitions has led to many questions on where the weapons are being smuggled from with the Mexican government leaving responsibility in great aspect on the cheap and easy access of the weapons from the ready markets in the U.S.A. Mexico has deflected responsibility to the cartels wars away from itself and onto the United states on the question â€Å"Where do Mexican drug cartels obtain their weapons from?’’.The government blames it all on America by promoting the insatiable American appetite for narcotics and the continuous flow off guns that stream from United States into Mexico and then fueling the violence on cartels wars resulting from narcotics smuggling.1 The developing brutality in Mexico is connected with few â€Å"large, sophisticated and vicious criminal organizations† engaged in the illicit drug trade. Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) have also increasingly engaged in public conflicts and assassinations of Mexican officials. The DTOs attempts to exert political and social control mean their plan to extend their energy past what may ordinarily be connected with criminal conglomerations. Case in point, medicate weapons have upheld their particular laws and even infringe "expenses like expenses" as a method of supporting social and geographic control over trafficking regions. 2 1Malcolm Beith, The Last Narco (New York: Grove Press, 2010), 12. 2Jacqui Goddard, Interpol agent passed information to Beltran-Leyva cartel in Mexico (London: Times, 2008), 23. U.S. and Mexican government authorities gauge that DTOs basically utilize weapons beginning as a part of the United States, and evaluates that many firearms are snuck into Mexico each year, frequently coordinated by the DTOs themselves. The United States has practically 7000 firearm stores along the Mexican fringe. The private declaration by the US authorities that 90% of the weapons utilized by the Mexican medication cartels hail from the United States is true. Notwithstanding, a nearby examination of the motion of the cartel wars in Mexico however how the asserted rate exhibits, is more talk than the accurate experimental certainty. Drug trafficking violence in Mexico has reached epidemic proportions and has greatly impacted on both Mexican and United States governments. Despite the increased fight of the ‘war on drugs’’ the illegal smuggling within both nations continues to cause violence and even increase the purchase of illegal firearms from United states to Mexico and also from corrupt authorities in Mexico and from other countries. A drive to reduce the illegal firearms in Mexico has been tightened but it still proves to be a challenge for the various operations. The weapons have been coming from within Mexico, United States and other countries as research has showed.3 An investigation of the Operation Fast and Furious and other law implementation endeavors to stop guns trafficking and seda te cartel roughness in Mexico, shows that the improvement and plans of the aforementioned operations need a more exhaustive approach to the issues challenging Mexico and United States. The question on â€Å"where Mexico drug cartels obtain weapons from† raises a growing concern too clearly.4 3Ioan Grillo, El Narco: The Bloody Rise of Mexican Drug Cartels (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012), 23. 4Aire Gutierrez Jose, Blood, Death, Drugs & Sex in Old Mexico (Mexico: CreateSpace, 2012), 12. Ascertain about the sources of the firearms and the trafficking path by the cartels which have been causing violence in Me

Strategic Management Case Study: Honda

Strategic Management Case Study: Honda Ever since the days of Henry Ford, the global car manufacturing industry, one of the worlds biggest employers, has blazed the trail in both the product innovation, and perhaps most notably for the Japanese motor industry, the development of leading manufacturing methods. The industry is not unlike many others, with blistering competition on all fronts, which makes strategic planning utterly important for both the sort as well as long term survival of any industry player. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol for instance, spurred car manufacturing companies into the adoption of strategies such as the closed-loop-strategies, in the not only the development of more efficient engines, but also the production, distribution, operation and ultimately recycling of decrepit cars etc. This report presents a review of a number of strategic alternatives by Honda and other automotive industries both in the West as well as Japan, in an attempt to establish the driving force behind Hondas success and growth. The first part of the report gives a description of Honda, followed by the reconciliation of several divergent strategies. Discussion of the differences, if any, between the western and Japanese styles of corporate leadership will unearth the myth behind Japans corporate culture before ultimately concluding with a discussion of the importance of both corporate governance as well as CSR. Contents (Jump to) HONDA, COMPANY PROFILE RECONCILIATION OF DICHOTOMIES PLANNING v. LEARNING POSITIONING VERSUS DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL RESOURCES CORE COMPETENCIES VERSUS CORE CAPABILITIES MANAGEMENT STYLES Lifelong Tenure CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS HONDA, COMPANY PROFILE With over 182,000 employees, ÂÂ ¥ 10,011, 241 million in annual revenues in 2009 coupled with upwards of $ 1370.1 million$ and 1896.4 in operating profits for the FY 2008 and 2009 respectively, Japans Honda is easily the industrys biggest manufactures of motor cycles, besides being a among the leading automobile producers. Operating across the globe, Honda is involved in the development, manufacturing as well as marketing and distribution of motor cars, motor cycles and a range other power products (Honda Ltd, 2010). It was founded in 1946, by Soichiro Honda and subsequently incorporated two years later, followed by years of success and growth as a motor cycle maker. Away from its core business, the companys 105 affiliates and 396 subsidiaries across the world provide financial services to thousands of its clients. It operates a four tier business model which includes the financial services division, motorcycle, automobile as well as power products (Honda Ltd, 2010). Besides multi wagons, Honda also produces a range of passenger cars, SUVs, mini vans, passenger cars, mini vehicles as well as sports coupes among others. Hondas flagship car and motor cycle models include the Accord, Civic, Legend, Insight, Acura CSX and Acura RL, CR-V, Cross Road, ASIMO Robots as well as the scooters among many others. The company recorded sales of over 10,114,000 units mainly in Japan, North America and Europe, representing an 8.5% rise over the previous years figures. Its sales have been on the rise despite through the global economic down turn that hit its American competitors, and largely driven by Toyotas PR woes over alleged flaws in the breaking system in its flagship Prius model. This success is largely attributable to the company strategic preparedness. Case in point, in 2002, it launched a hybrid car model to tap into the ever growing environmentally conscious clientele, besides launching the Environmental Learning Center (based in Texas), while in 2004, the company entered into a strategic partnership with GE, that led into the development and production of a trail blazing light jet engine, suited for business jets. Sethi and Swanson (1984), commencing in the year 2000, the company has embarked on an ambitious program to set up production plants in the emerging car and motor cycle markets, notably China, Argentina, Russia and the motor bike hot spot, Vietnam. The company prides itself with the twin principles of respect individuals and the Three Joys Principle i.e. buying, selling as well creating. These values reflect the company does wish to build on each persons unique abilities and its endeavor to ensure that everyone who comes by purchasing the products or by other means should have a great/joyous experience. Honda ensures this by relentlessly, lead in the creation of value, innovation, new products at accessible prices. RECONCILIATION OF DICHOTOMIES Honda ltds strategic innovation is founded on a process of dichotomies reconciliation which include both learning and planning, positioning on the market vs. internal resources development and lastly, core competencies related to the product against the core capabilities related to the processes. These three dichotomies do representing divergent strategies etc that drive Honda as a company since its establishment and through years of exemplary growth and expansion. De Wit Meyer (2010), assert that a critical look at Hondas strategies points especially its successful entry and dominance of new markets raises questions as to whether, Hondas strategy and subsequent decision making is solidly based on a meticulous, analytical and rational planning or whether its strategies are a direct result of the some decisions/ strategies reached at by the company, which evolved or became modified due to the environmental influences of the industry in which the company operates. PLANNING v. LEARNING While designing its strategies, the company has consistently followed a rational approach based on a critical analysis of the market and the industry environment. This strategy hinges on and it suited for a seasoned industry player such as Honda, since it seeks to built on, and exploit the companys immense experience in the automotive industry (Johnson et al., 2005). As a strategy, this is an important bottom up strategy that uses the already gained knowledge to optimize the companys needs. Planning takes into consideration both the companys resources as well as the environmental factors, as such will most likely utilize the companys set objectives within the constraints. Hondas largely seen as having successfully employed the planning strategy while entering into new markets notably while launching into the US motor cycle industry. Its recent strategic alliances with GE as well as its design and launch of innovative new products and expansion of manufacturing plants, in the ultimate attainment of huge scale economies and extremely law costs represent examples of internal planning. Planning is largely apparent from an outsiders point of view. However, interviews with the companys top management reveal a far different picture that suggests at best a company that is far from an overly rational, academic planning seeking to impose its corporate values and policies on the market and the industry, but rather a company, with a management structure that is at all times willing to learn. It is evident and widely accepted by many observers that Hondas strategies have evolved, without a clear plan or analysis of the industry. Case in point, the huge success attained by the companys 50 cc Supercab surprised everyone including the companys management. Mintzberg et al. (1998) observe that though the companys strategy may have looked analytical and well thought out, the management did blunder severally up until the market gave them the correct formula. Rational planning on its own is hardly, suited to many organizations and is in fact removed from the day to day running of a business as compared to learning, which permits management to continually develop and adjust their policies and strategies as they are implemented, in the light of new experience (De Wit Meyer, 2010). Hondas development of hybrid vehicles and energy efficient models e.g. the Honda Civic Sedan, in the wake of Toyotas success in the same field represent examples of learning from the environment. Honda has as well launched joint ventures in RD with other companies. Using both strategies gives the company an advantage, not least because it only allows the formulation of strategies that best meet both the internal resources as well as the environmental factors prevailing in the industry. POSITIONING VERSUS DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL RESOURCES Hondas positioning helps its brand to be associated with a given market segment. It is an equally helpful guide to the companys other strategies, particularly the marketing strategy, not least because it does clarify the essence of the brand and the helps the consumers to better identify the goals that the product seeks to meet in a unique way. In positioning a product or brand, managers must make decisions, seeking to appeal a given segment of the population, while at once risking losing the other(s). Honda has placed its various products on the basis of benefit, target, distribution as well as prices. The company offers competitive prices owing to its scale and technology advantages, which in turn permits it to achieve better client franchises. This strategy does however; affect the prestige of the brand, besides reducing the profit margins. Target, distribution and benefit positioning, that has seen the introduction of green models to serve the needs of green conscious clients, co upled by Hondas expansion into India, China and Vietnam, which was entirely meant at catering for emerging middle class in those countries. As against, development of internal resources, Hondas product positioning allows it to use fewer resources but still reach the target markets. It however, has enormous resources in capital, management, cutting production technology as well as manpower, which have driven the companys expansion across the globe. More investment in RD is, and has been possible, leading to greater innovation. While other smaller industry players struggle with limited resources constraining their RD as well as expansion, bigger companies like Honda, Toyota and GM can attain a better edge in the industry. Hondas has been able to pursue both strategies owing to the availability of niche products that it has successfully positioned e.g. motor bikes in Vietnam (over 400,000 units in annual sales), coupled by its huge availability of resources which allows it rope for RD, diversification and expansion. This does not entirely hold though, Honda spends just a fifth of GM expenditure on RD and launches fewer mode ls than the latter, yet it products/models are more successful than GMs. CORE COMPETENCIES VERSUS CORE CAPABILITIES Competencies are as a result of coordination of multiple production skills as well as a complex coordination of numerous technologies. They give a company access to newer markets; provide high barriers for competitors to enter the market, besides contributing considerably to the benefits of the end product(s). Hondas core competencies as regards products are the driving force behind the development of the numerous, innovative end user products. Hamel Prahalad regard Hondas product competencies as a brilliant example of how a small company can break into, and establish itself in a mature, stable market. In 2010 alone, Honda has set up a solar H2 station (Los Angeles), introduced the versatile iGX and GX engine series for general purposes. The company has as well produced lithium-ion based batteries intended for the new range of hybrid motor vehicles, alongside an ELC to spear head its green agenda. Honda is famed for its ability to recycle technologies in all its range of products, affording it RD efficiency. There are elements of core capabilities associated with its processes, but perhaps far lacking behind Toyota and many other industry players. These include efficient distribution channels, cost effective production processes. It trains dealers, determines shop floor plans and has strict operating procedures among others. Core product competencies in the automobile industry are far superior to the process capabilities and Hondas success is an outstanding testimony to this fact. MANAGEMENT STYLES Japanese and Hondas management styles do differ from the American style in at least six distinct aspects. These include differences in the interdepartmental relationships, communication patterns, and supervisory styles, mechanisms for control as well as existence of, or lack of a paternalistic orientation. According to Hofstede (2004), these differences largely stem from the inherent cultural differences between the two countries, which in turn influence the respective corporate cultures. Lifelong Tenure Most of the companies in Japan do provide lifelong jobs to their employees, with greater emphasis being laid on not age, but also seniority. Promotions are thus much more difficult, just as there is greater job security for the workers. Many organizations effectively hire employees for the, and are interested in the long term objectives as against Americas corporate worlds obsession with short term goals. Case in point, Hondas top management i.e. Satoshi Aoki (Chairman), Takanobu Ito, Koichi Kondo and Atsuyoshi Hyogo joined the company in 1968, 1978, 2000 and 1972 respectively, during which time they have risen through the ranks to reach the top management. On the contrary, the western corporate world is characterized by short term contracts for both managers and workers, charged with meeting short term objectives. Teams v. Individuals In contrast with the Western model where managers are responsible for decision making and subsequently accountable for the decisions reached, the Japanese system recognizes the importance of individual expertise, but the performance of the entire team is more emphasized than an individuals. In the western corporate world (Germany and American), certain employees have the star statuses e.g. in Germany, the engineers play central roles to the success of motor companies. Some elements of convergence exist though. Long apprenticeships and cadres (seniorities in Japan) do exist both in Germany, France as well as the Netherlands. Employees attain positions, promotions etc. through years of internships, apprenticeships or memberships to given classes-attained through education and or experience. Decision Making While most western corporations are characterized by top down decision making, the Japanese style of management is largely characterized by collective decision making by individual teams. Hondas decision making is characterized by the Ringi system, where decisions are passed based on a consensus of all the employees in a department or even the entire organization. This management style is identical to that practiced in Holland, except that the latter is anchored on existing contracts or class differences of among the employees. Communication As against the largely bureaucratic communication, hierarchical channels characterizing western corporations, which is largely effective and efficient, the Japanese channels of communication compromise in large part of face-to-face communication. These comprise everything from provision of information regarding assignment of tasks, responsibilities, organizational goals and the development and rechanneling of feedbacks. Implicit Mechanism of Control Honda ltd is concerned with building of its relationships with it biggest assets, the employees. Inspired by its philosophy Respect for the Individual, the company always seeks to develop collaborative relationships with each and every employee, where all mechanisms of control and supervision are largely informal. Supervisors work alongside other employees, who are involved, the decision making, which in turn renders decision making, execution of decisions and reception of feedback a lot more expedient. On the contrary, Hondas competitors run on a rigid, formal control mechanism. This sets goals, measurable, complete with targets that must be met by departments, franchises and individual employees, while the Japanese system is anchored on the management philosophies that all employees as well as managers identify with. Departmental Relationships Pascale Athos (1981), states that attainment of the goals set for a department etc requires inputs not just from the concerned departments, but perhaps most importantly, close collaboration with other departments in the company or even other organizations. Formal (necessary) relationships largely accomplish these goals (characteristic of the western model), while the Japanese style has an extra dimension; voluntary collaboration which is far more productive and results in greater knowledge sharing. Paternalistic Orientation Honda and many other Japanese companies are concerned by the holistic needs of every employee, including the concern for the well being of their families (Culpan, 2009). This imposes a social support role on the managers, a feature which is largely absent in the western world, safe for a limited number of family organizations. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY With car markets in the developed world already saturated, most car companys are looking abroad in the emerging markets notably China, India and Brazil. A recent study by TNS shows that car buyers rate car makers more according to their CSR than those consumer in the first world, thus companies that perform better in this sphere stand a far greater chance of winning the hearts and minds of the new middle class is guaranteed success. In 2005, Honda was ranked the UKs best car company based on its social responsibility initiatives, by the foremost research company on automotives, TNS Automotive. It performs equally well in the US, Indonesia, Italy and Spain among other countries alongside BMW, Shell, Malaysias Petronas, Michelin and Germanys Porsche (Nissan Corp., 2010). Honda spent over 2.3% of its annual revenues in 2009, on its CSR commitments, with the environment taking the lions share of the budget. The company has undertaken numerous actions in an attempt to meet the challenges posed by global warming and climate change. With the reputation of the automobile industry and fossil fuels already damaged, due to its huge carbon footprints, and the growing fears among the public of air pollution, it is only reasonable that companies act in accordance to the wishes of the consumers. Honda has initiated the LCA system, which identifies and sets targets for the required actions. The company develops energy efficient models, adheres by the 3Rs (in design) and noise reduction etc. Hondas corporate governance is a typical Japanese style bottom down structure, characterized by collective decision making and a collective sense of belonging among to the company that in turn reflects on the companys performance (Honda Ltd, 2010). Any companys corporate governance does determine the direction that it assumes, which ultimately reflects on its financial performance. Nissans corporate philosophy, governance as well CSR activities are not different from Hondas. It seeks to bring enrichment of the peoples lives and the environment in which they operate. It has made CSR an important part of its corporate management policies. It has devised its green purchasing guidelines, coupled with Nissan-Renault Suppliers Guidelines, which ensure that the companys entire supply chain is green and serves the purposes of the policies set by its top management. Through its charitable arm, Chryslers management makes annual donations to needy communities, projects and causes (Chrysler, 2010). In 2009, the company advanced upwards of $100000 to Good Harvest geared at combating hunger. The companys CSR initiatives are not as extensive as both Nissan and Hondas partly because the company caters for the luxury market segments that are in the main concerned about the quality and luxury as against a companys CSR etc. CONCLUSIONS Honda is largely touted by observers and varied literatures in strategic management. Its strategies have largely been used either rightly or wrongly to back up a number of conceptual dichotomies, with contracting positions i.e. learning v. analytical planning, core capabilities v competencies etc. Most of these assumptions, and evidences have however, proven erroneous owing to empirical mistakes that result into the over emphasis of the companies strengths, while its mistakes go largely unnoticed. Further, strategies and explanations are expressed in form of reductionist, single-sided theories that largely fail to portray the actual strategic orientation of Honda. Hondas thrives on reconciling dichotomies. Thus many observers in the west have largely missed out in studying, learning from and understanding Honda. Rohlen (1974), it is evident that capabilities as well as competencies can possibly complement one another, forming into one theory. The latter does focus on the production expertise and technologies while the capabilities serving to improve the whole chain of value. Capabilities are far more visible and easily appreciated by the clients than are product competencies. Hondas ability to meet high targets and post tremendous growth rates is largely due to its tendency to set stretched targets, which brings into direct competition with the biggest players in the automotive industry. In order to compete, it uses its resource base to compete by either providing niche products or undercutting competitors on basis of cost advantages, attained through scale economies. This ability to leverage her resources offers the key to its success, as against the widely fabled Japanese management styles. This style is widely different from and more appealing that the western style corporate management is only suitable for the Japanese and Asian environments. There are aspects in both management styles that could beneficially be, and have largely been adopted by either side to the great advantage of the corporations, but not the complete management packages as they will be utter failures in the other ones environment (Schein, 1981). Finally, this report has demonstrated the importance of corporate governance, policy and CSR is important in the ever changing consumer tastes as well as preferences, and most importantly, increasing consumer awareness. RECOMMENDATIONS Increased spending and expansion of Hondas and other automotive companies in CSR, environmental protection and production of innovative environmentally friendly models should continue as the only way counter changing consumer needs as well as the changing times. The Western and Japanese styles of corporate management should be blended to suit both the practical and strategic objectives of each organization. Reconciliation of strategies is crucial for success and helps companies reap the benefits of divergent strategies, thus companies must seek common grounds between strategies rather than opting for only one.

Sexuality and Desire in Jane Austens Mansfield Park Essay -- Mansfiel

Sexuality and Desire in Jane Austen's Mansfield Park      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a letter to her brother dated 1814, Jane Austen boasted about a compliment she had received from a friend on her most recent work, Mansfield Park: "It's the most sensible novel he's ever read" (263). Austen prided herself on creating literature that depicted realistic characters and honest situations, but perhaps more importantly, she strove to create fiction that was moral and instructional as well as entertaining. So what does sensible say about the sexual? In Mansfield Park, the answer appears blaringly before us, as we repeatedly witness sexuality and desire represented in the darkest of terms, and often resulting in the most sinister of outcomes. Those who emit a sexual persona or awareness are to be seen as dangerous, and those whom possess sexual desire are inevitably the ones in danger, and are often punished for their untamed emotions and erratic behavior. The Bertrams and Fanny Price reside at Mansfield Park peacefully enough until their qui et, domestic world is turned upside down by outsiders, all of who, in their own ways, threaten to upset the lives of the inhabitants with a passion, desire, and sexuality that is new to them. In this essay, I would like to examine the relationships that arise from connections with these outsiders, what role sexuality and desire play in them, and what Austen's treatment of them says about sexual transgression and desire in a larger sense as well.    It seems only natural to begin with the two most prominent intruders in Mansfield Park, Henry and Mary Crawford. As jaded individuals accustomed to the fast-paced (and amoral) life of the city, Mary and Henry view Mansfield Park and its residen... ...ot given proper examples of how to conduct ourselves. Instead, Austen leaves us, rather uneasily, stranded between the platonic relationship of Fanny and Edmund, and the debauched affairs of the other characters, wishing for some sort of happy medium.    Bibliography: Auerbach, Nina. "Jane Austen's Dangerous Charm". Mansfield Park and Persuasion. Judy Simons, ed. New York: Macmillan, 1997. Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975. Handler, Richard and Daniel Sega. Jane Austen and the Fiction of Culture. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990. Le Faye, Deirdre, ed. Jane Austen's letters, 3rd. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Trilling, Lionel. "Mansfield Park". Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ian Watt, ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1963.